Alt, J.C., 1995. Subseafloor processes in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. In Humphris, Zierenberg, R., Mullineaux, L., and Thomson, R. (Eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological and Geological Interactions within Hydrothermal Systems. Geophys. Monogr., 91:85–114.
Alt, J.C., 1999. Very low grade hydrothermal metamorphism of basic igneous rocks. In Frey, M., and Robinson, D. (Eds.), Very Low Grade Metamorphism: Cambridge (Blackwell), 169–201.
Alt, J.C., 2004. Alteration of the upper oceanic crust: mineralogy, chemistry, and processes. In Elderfield, H., and Davis, E. (Eds.), Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere: New York (Cambridge Univ. Press), 456–488.
Alt, J.C., Davidson, G., Teagle, D.A.H., and Karson, J., 2003. The isotopic composition of gypsum in the Macquarie Island ophiolite: implications for the sulfur cycle and the subsurface biosphere in oceanic crust. Geology, 31:549–552. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0549:ICOGIT>2.0.CO;2
Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., et al., 1993. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
Alt, J.C., Laverne, C., Vanko, D.A., Tartarotti, P., Teagle, D.A.H., Bach, W., Zuleger, E., Erzinger, J., Honnorez, J., Pezard, P.A., Becker, K., Salisbury, M.H., and Wilkens, R.H., 1996. Hydrothermal alteration of a section of upper oceanic crust in the eastern equatorial Pacific: a synthesis of results from Site 504 (DSDP Legs 69, 70, and 83, and ODP Legs 111, 137, 140, and 148.) In Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., and Michael, P.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 417–434.
Alt, J.C., and Teagle, D.A.H., 1999. The uptake of carbon during alteration of ocean crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63(10):1527–1535. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00123-4
Alt, J.C., and Teagle, D.A.H., 2000. Hydrothermal alteration and fluid fluxes in ophiolites and oceanic crust. In Dilek, Y., Moores, E., Elthon, D., and Nicolas, A. (Eds.), Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Spec. Pap.— Geol. Soc. Am., 349:273–282.
Autio, L.K., and Rhodes, J.M., 1983. Costa Rica Rift Zone basalts: geochemical and experimental data from a possible example of multistage melting. In Cann, J.R., Langseth, M.G., Honnorez, J., Von Herzen, R.P., White, S.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 69: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 729–745.
Bach, W., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Hart, S.R., and Blusztajn, J.S., 2003. Geochemistry of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust: DSDP/ODP Hole 504B—implications for seawater-crust exchange budgets and Sr- and Pb-isotopic evolution of the mantle. Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 4(3). doi:10.1029/2002GC000419
Banerjee, N.R., and Muehlenbachs, K., 2003. Tuff life: bioalteration in volcaniclastic rocks from the Ontong Java Plateau. Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 4. doi:10.1029/2002GC000470
Bascom, W., 1961. A Hole in the Bottom of the Sea: New York (Doubleday).
Becker, K., Foss, G., et al., 1992. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 137: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
Bickle, M.J., and Teagle, D.A.H., 1992. Strontium alteration in the Troodos ophiolite: implications for fluid fluxes and geochemical transport in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 113:219–237. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90221-G
Blake, R.E., Alt, J.C., and Martini, A.M., 2001. Oxygen isotope ratios of PO4: an inorganic indicator of enzymatic activity and P metabolism and a new biomarker in the search for life. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98(5):2148–2153. doi:10.1073/pnas.051515898
Böhlke, J.K., Honnorez, J., Honnorez-Guerstein, B.-M., Muehlenbachs, K., and Petersen, N., 1981. Heterogeneous alteration of the upper oceanic crust: correlation of rock chemistry, magnetic properties, and O-isotope ratios with alteration patterns in basalts from Site 396B, DSDP. J. Geophys. Res., 86:7935–7950.
Cande, S.C., and Kent, D.V., 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. J. Geophys. Res., 100:6093–6095. doi:10.1029/94JB03098
Cannat, M., Karson, J.A., Miller, D.J., et al., 1995. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 153: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
Carbotte, S., Mutter, C., Mutter, J., and Ponce-Correa, G., 1997a. Influence of magma supply and spreading rate on crustal magma bodies and emplacement of the extrusive layer: insights from the East Pacific Rise at lat 16°N. Geology, 26:455–458. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0455:IOMSAS>2.3.CO;2
Carbotte, S.M., Mutter, J.C., and Xu, L., 1997b. Contribution of volcanism and tectonism to axial and flank morphology of the southern East Pacific Rise, 17'–17'S, from a study of Layer 2A geometry. J. Geophys. Res., 102(B5):10165–10184. doi:10.1029/96JB03910
Coogan, L.A., Jenkin, G.R.T., and Wilson, R.N., 2002a. Constraining the cooling rate of the lower oceanic crust: a new approach applied to the Oman ophiolite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199(1–2):127–146. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00554-X
Coogan, L.A., Thompson, G., and McLeod, C.J., 2002b. A textural and geochemical investigation of high level gabbros from the Oman ophiolite: implications for the role of the axial magma chamber at fast-spreading ridges. Lithos, 63:67–82. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00114-7
COSOD II, 1987. Rep. 2nd Conf. Scientific Ocean Drilling: Washington/Strasbourg (JOIDES/European Sci. Found.).
Detrick, R., Collins, J., Stephen, R., and Swift, S., 1994. In situ evidence for the nature of the seismic Layer 2/3 boundary in oceanic crust. Nature (London, U. K.), 370:288–290. doi:10.1038/370288a0
Detrick, R.S., Toomey, D.R., and Collins, J.A., 1998. Three-dimensional upper crustal heterogeneity and anisotropy around Hole 504B from seismic topography. J. Geophys. Res., 103(B12):30485–30504. doi:10.1029/98JB02409
Dick, H.J.B., and Mével, C., 1996. The Oceanic Lithosphere and Scientific Drilling into the 21st Century: Woods Hole, MA (ODP-InterRidge-IAVCEI).
Dick, H.J.B., Natland, J.H., Miller, D.J., et al., 1999. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts.,176 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/176_IR/176TOC.HTM>.
Edmond, J.M., Measures, C., Magnum, B., Grant, B., Sclater, F.R., Collier, R., Hudson, A., Gordon, L.I., and Corliss, J.B., 1979. On the formation of metal-rich deposits at ridge crests. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 46:19–30. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(79)90062-1
Elderfield, H., and Schultz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 24(1):191–224. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.191
Elderfield, H., Wheat, C.G., Mottl, M.J., Monnin, C., and Spiro, B., 1999. Fluid and geochemical transport through oceanic crust: a transect across the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 172(1–2):151–165. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00191-0
Expedition 304 Scientists, 2005. Oceanic core complex formation, Atlantis Massif—oceanic core complex formation, Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: drilling into the footwall and hanging wall of a tectonic exposure of deep, young oceanic lithosphere to study deformation, alteration, and melt generation. IODP Prel. Rept., 304. doi:10.2204/iodp.pr.304.2005
Expedition 305 Scientists, 2005. Oceanic core complex formation, Atlantis Massif—oceanic core complex formation, Atlantis Massif, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: drilling into the footwall and hanging wall of a tectonic exposure of deep, young oceanic lithosphere to study deformation, alteration, and melt generation. IODP Prel. Rept., 305. doi:10.2204/iodp.pr.305.2005
Farrell, J.W., Raffi, I., Janecek, T.C., Murray, D.W., Levitan, M., Dadey, K.A., Emeis, K.-C., Lyle, M., Flores, J.-A., and Hovan, S., 1995. Late Neogene sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 717–756.
Furnes, H., and Staudigel, H., 1999. Biological mediation in ocean crust alteration: how deep is the deep biosphere? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 166:97–103. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)-00005-9
Gillis, K., Mével, C., Allan, J., et al., 1993. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 147: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
Gillis, K.M., Coogan, L.A., and Pedersen, R., 2005. Strontium isotope constraints on fluid flow in the upper oceanic crust at the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 232(1–2):83–94. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.008
Gillis, K.M., Muehlenbachs, K., Stewart, M., Gleeson, T., and Karson, J., 2001. Fluid flow patterns in fast spreading East Pacific Rise crust exposed at Hess Deep. J. Geophys. Res., 106:26311–26329. doi:10.1029/2000JB000038
Gillis, K.M., and Roberts, M.D., 1999. Cracking at the magma–hydrothermal transition: evidence from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 169:227–244. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00087-4
Hallenborg, E., Harding, A.J., Kent, G.M., and Wilson, D.S., 2003. Seismic structure of 15 Ma oceanic crust formed at an ultrafast spreading East Pacific Rise: evidence for kilometer-scale fracturing from dipping reflectors. J. Geophys. Res., 108(B11):2532. doi:10.1029/2003JB002400
Honnorez, J., 1981. The aging of the oceanic crust at low temperature. In Emiliani, C. (Ed.), The Sea (Vol. 7): The Oceanic Lithosphere: New York (Wiley), 525–587.
Hooft, E.E.E., Schouten, H., and Detrick, R.S., 1996. Constraining crustal emplacement processes from variation in seismic Layer 2A thickness at the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142(3–4):289–309. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00101-X
Hosford, A., Tivey, M., Matsumoto, T., Dick, H., Schouten, H., and Kinoshita, H., 2003. Crustal magnetization and accretion at the Southwest Indian Ridge near the Atlantis II Fracture Zone, 0–25 Ma. J. Geophys. Res., 108(B3). doi:10.1029/2001JB000604
International Working Group, 2001. Earth, Oceans, and Life: Scientific Investigation of the Earth System Using Multiple Drilling Platforms and New Technologies—Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Initial Science Plan, 2003–2013. Washington (International Working Group Support Office).
Karson, J.A., 2002. Geologic structure of the uppermost oceanic crust created at fast- to intermediate-rate spreading centers. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 30:347–384. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141132
Karson, J.A., Klein, E.M., Hurst, S.D., Lee, C.E., Rivizzigno, P.A., Curewitz, D., Morris, A.R., and Hess Deep 1999 Scientific Party, 2002. Structure of uppermost fast-spread oceanic crust exposed at the Hess Deep Rift: implications for subaxial processes at the East Pacific Rise, Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 3. doi:10.1029/2001GC000155
Kelemen, P.B., Kikawa, E., Miller, D.J., et al., 2004. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 209 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/209_IR/209ir.htm>.
Kelemen, P.B., Koga, K., and Shimizu, N., 1997. Geochemistry of gabbro sills in the crust–mantle transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: implications for the origin of the oceanic lower crust. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 146:475–488. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00235-X
Kempton, P.D., Autio, L.K., Rhodes, J.M., Holdaway, M.J., Dungan, M.A., and Johnson, P., 1985. Petrology of basalts from Hole 504B, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 83. In Anderson, R.N., Honnorez, J., Becker, K., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 83: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 129–164.
Laverne, C., 1993. Occurrence of siderite and ankerite in young basalts from the Galapagos Spreading Center (DSDP Holes 506G and 507B). Chem. Geol., 106(1–2):27–46. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(93)90164-E
Laverne, C., Agrinier, P., Hermitte, D., and Bohn, M., 2001. Chemical fluxes during hydrothermal alteration of a 1200-m long section of dikes in the oceanic crust, DSDP/ODP Hole 504B. Chem. Geol., 181:73–98. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00277-7
Macdonald, K.C., Fox, P.J., Alexander, R.T., Pockalny, R., and Gente, P., 1996. Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills. Nature (London, U. K.), 380:125–129. doi:10.1038/380125a0
Macdonald, K.C., Haymon, R., and Shor, A., 1989. A 220 km2 recently erupted lava field on the East Pacific Rise near lat 8Geology, 17:212–217. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0212:AKRELF>2.3.CO;2
MacLeod, C.J., and Yaouancq, G., 2000. A fossil melt lens in the Oman ophiolite: implications for magma chamber processes at fast spreading ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 176:357–373. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00020-0
Manning, C.E., MacLeod, C.J., and Weston, P.E., 2000. Lower-crustal cracking front at fast spreading ridges: evidence from the East Pacific Rise and the Oman ophiolite. In Dilek, Y., Moores, E.M., Elthon, D., and Nicolas, A. (Eds.), Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Spec. Pap.—Geol. Soc. Am., 349:261–272.
Menard, H.W., 1964. Marine Geology of the Pacific: New York (McGraw-Hill).
Murray, R.W., Schrag, D.P., and Wheat, C.G., 2002. Opportunities in Geochemistry for Post-2003 Ocean Drilling: Washington (Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.).
Natland, J.H., and Dick, H.J.B., 1996. Melt migration through high-level gabbroic cumulates of the East Pacific Rise at Hess Deep: the origin of magma lenses and the deep crustal structure of fast-spreading ridges. In Mével, C., Gillis, K.M., Allan, J.F., and Meyer, P.S. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 147: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 21–58.
Natland, J.H., Adamson, A.C., Laverne, C., Melson, W.G., and O'Hearn, T., 1983. A compositionally nearly steady-state magma chamber at the Costa Rica Rift: evidence from basalt glass and mineral data, Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 501, 504, and 505. In Cann, J.R., Langseth, M.G., Honnorez, J., Von Herzen, R.P., White, S.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 69: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 811–858.
Ocean Drilling Program, 1996. Understanding Our Dynamic Earth through Ocean Drilling: Ocean Drilling Program Long Range Plan Into the 21st Century: Washington (Joint Oceanographic Institutions).
Parsons, B., and Sclater, J.G., 1977. An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age. J. Geophys. Res., 82:803–827.
Petersen, N., Eisenach, P., and Bleil, U., 1979. Low temperature alteration of the magnetic minerals in ocean floor basalts. In Talwani, M., Harrison, C.G., and Hayes, D. (Eds.), Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust. Am. Geophys. Union, Maurice Ewing Ser., 2:169–209.
Phipps Morgan, J., and Chen, Y.J., 1993. The genesis of oceanic crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow. J. Geophys. Res., 98:6283–6297.
Pisias, N.G., and Delaney, M.L. (Eds.), 1999. Conference on Multiple Platform Exploration of the Ocean (COMPLEX): Washington (Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.).
Purdy, G.M., Kong, L.S.L., Christeson, G.L., and Solomon, S.C., 1992. Relationship between spreading rate and the seismic structure of mid-ocean ridges. Nature (London, U. K.), 355:815–872. doi:10.1038/355815a0
Raitt, R.W., 1963. The crustal rocks. In Hill, M.N. (Ed.), The Sea—Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas (Vol. 3): The Earth Beneath the Sea: New York (Wiley-Interscience), 85–102.
Richardson, C.J., Cann, J.R., Richards, H.G., and Cowan, J.G., 1987. Metal-depleted root zones of the Troodos ore-forming hydrothermal systems, Cyprus. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 84:243–253. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(87)90089-6
Schiffman, P., and Smith, B.M., 1988. Petrology and oxygen isotope geochemistry of a fossil seawater hydrothermal system within the Solea Graben, northern Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. J. Geophys. Res., 93:4612–4624.
Shor, E.N., 1985. A chronology from Mohole to JOIDES. In Drake, E.T., and Jordan, W.M. (Eds.), Geologists and Ideas: A History of North American Geology. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 4:391–399.
Singh, S.C., Kent, G.M., Collier, J.S., Harding, A.J., and Orcutt, J.A., 1998. Melt to mush variations in crustal magma properties along the ridge crest at the southern East Pacific Rise. Nature (London, U. K.), 394:874–878. doi:10.1038/29740
Stewart, M.A., Karson, J.A., and Klein, E.M., 2005. Four-dimensional upper crustal construction at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges: a perspective from an upper crustal cross-section at the Hess Deep Rift. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 144:287–309. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.026
Su, Y., and Langmuir, C.H., 2003. Global MORB chemistry compilation at segment scale [Ph.D. dissert.]. Columbia Univ. Available from World Wide Web: <http://petdb.ldeo.columbia.edu/documentation/morbcompilation/>.
Teagle, D.A.H., Alt, J.C., and Halliday, A.N., 1998. Tracing the chemical evolution of fluids during hydrothermal recharge: constraints from anhydrite recovered in ODP Hole 504B. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 155:167–182. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00209-4
Teagle, D.A.H., Bickle, M.J., and Alt, J.C., 2003. Recharge flux to ocean-ridge black smoker systems: a geochemical estimate from ODP Hole 504B. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210:81–89. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00126-2
Tong, C.H., White, R.S., Warner, M.R., and ARAD Working Group, 2004. Effects of tectonism and magmatism on crack structure in oceanic crust: a seismic anisotropy study. Geology, 32(1):25–28. doi:10.1130/G19962.1
Umino S., Miyashita, S., Hotta, F., and Adachi, Y., 2003. Along-strike variation of the sheeted dike complex in the Oman ophiolite: insights into subaxial ridge segment structures and the magma plumbing system. Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 4. doi:10.1029/2001GC000233
Umino, S., Obata, S., Lipman, P., Smith, J.R., Shibata, T., Naka, J., and Trusdell, F., 2002. Emplacement and inflation structures of submarine and subaerieal pahoehoe lavas from Hawaii. In Takahashi, E., et al. (Eds.), Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives. Geophys. Monogr., 128:85–101.
Umino, S., Obata, S., and Lipman, P.W., 2000. Subaqueous lava flow lobes, observed on ROV KAIKO dives off Hawaii. Geology, 28:503–506. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0503:SLFLOO>2.3.CO;2
Vanko, D., and Laverne, C., 1998. Hydrothermal anorthitization of plagioclase within the magmatic/hydrothermal transition at mid-ocean ridges: examples from deep sheeted dikes (Hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift) and a sheeted dike root zone (Oman ophiolite). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 162:27–43. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00155-1
Varne, R., Brown, A.V., and Fallon, T., 2000. Macquarie Island: its geology, structural history, and the timing and tectonic setting of its N-MORB to E-MORB magnetism. In Dilek, Y., Moores, E.M., Elthon, D., and Nicolas, A. (Eds.), Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Spec. Pap.—Geol. Soc. Am., 349:301–320.
Vine, F.J., and Matthews, D.H., 1963. Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges. Nature (London, U. K.), 199:947–949.
White, S.M., Hayman, R.M., Fornari, D.J., Perfit, M.R., and Macdonald, K.C., 2002. Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: Evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9–10J. Geophys. Res., 107:2173. doi:10.1029/2001JB000571
White, S.M., Macdonald, K.C., and Haymon, R.M., 2000. Basaltic lava domes, lava lakes, and volcanic segmentation on the southern East Pacific Rise. J. Geophys. Res., 105:23519–23536. doi:10.1029/2000JB900248
Wilson, D.S., 1996. Fastest known spreading on the Miocene Cocos-Pacific plate boundary. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23:3003–3006. doi:10.1029/96GL02893
Wilson, D.S., Hallenborg, E., Harding, A.J., and Kent, G.M., 2003. Data report: Site survey results from cruise EW9903. In Wilson, D.S., Teagle, D.A.H., Acton, G.D., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 206, 1–49 [CDROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 778459547, USA. [HTML]
Wilson, D.S., Teagle, D.A.H., Acton, G.D., et al., 2003. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 206 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://wwwodp.tamu.edu/publications/206_IR/206ir.htm>.